Is the expression of the components of the carotid matrix of rats influenced by estrogen, progestin and tibolone? / A expressão dos componentes da matriz carotídea de ratos é influenciada pelo estrogênio, progestagênio e tibolona?

Abstract Objective To analyze the effects of estrogen alone or in combination with progestogens and tibolone (TIB) on the expression of the extracellular matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), of perlecan, and of heparanase (HPSE) of the vascular walls of the carotid arteries. Methods A total of 30 250-day-old ovariectomized Wistar rats were orally treated for 5 weeks with: a) 1 mg/kg of estradiol benzoate (EB); b) EB + 0.2 mg/kg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA); c) EB + 0.2mg/kg of norethisterone acetate (NETA); d) EB + 2 mg/kg of dydrogesterone (DI); e) 1 mg/kg of TIB; f) placebo (CTR). Following treatment, the expression of mRNA for MMP-2, MMP-9, and HPSE was analyzed by realtime polymerase chain-reaction (PCR), and the expression of MMP-2, of MMP-9, of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), and of perlecan was quantified by immunohistochemistry in the carotid arteries. Results The groups showed significant differences on mRNA HPSE expression (p = 0.048), which was higher in the EB, EB + MPA, and TIB groups. There was no statistically significant difference in mRNA MMP-2 or MMP-9 expression. The immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2, of TIMP-2, of MMP-9, of HPSE, and of perlecan showed no differences between groups. Conclusion Estradiol alone or associated with MPA and TIB treatment can increase mRNA HSPE expression of the walls of the carotid arteries in ovariectomized rats.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os efeitos do estrogênio isolado ou em combinação com progestogênios e tibolona (TIB) na expressão das metaloproteinases 2 e 9 da matriz extracelular (MMP-2 e MMP-9), da perlecan e da heparanase (HPSE) das paredes vasculares das artérias carótidas. Métodos Trinta ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas com 250 dias de idade foram tratadas oralmente por 5 semanas com: a) 1 mg/kg de benzoato de estradiol (EB); b) EB + 0,2 mg/kg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MPA); c) EB + 0,2mg/kg de acetato de noretisterona (NETA); d) EB + 2 mg/kg de didrogesterona (DI); e) 1 mg/kg de TIB; f) placebo (CTR). Após o tratamento, a expressão de mRNA para MMP-2, MMP- 9, e HPSE foi analisada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP) em tempo real, e a expressão de MMP-2, MMP-9, inibidor tecidual de metaloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), e de perlecan foi quantificado por imunohistoquímica em artérias carótidas. Resultados Os grupos apresentaram diferenças significativas na expressão do mRNA HPSE (p = 0,048), sendo maiores nos grupos EB, EB + MPA e TIB. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas expressões de mRNA MMP-2 ou MMP-9. A expressão imunohistoquímica de MMP-2, TIMP-2, MMP-9, HPSE e perlecan não mostrou diferenças entre os grupos. Conclusão O estradiol isolado ou associado ao tratamento com MPA e TIB pode aumentar a expressão de mRNA HSPE nas paredes das artérias carótidas em ratas ovariectomizadas.

Hormone Therapy Review for Perimenopausal Symptoms: Focused on Perimenopausal Women without Other Risk Factors

As the population ages, the life of women after menopause becomes much longer than the past, and the quality of life of old age becomes increasingly principal issue. There is a period that women experience the physical symptoms of menopause, although there are differences in degree, and the management of this period is a suitable time for women to improve their quality of life. According to the menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and Timing Hypothesis, which has been proven in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) and the Early vs Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol (ELITE) study, a relatively young woman before and after menopause can benefit from long-term beneficial effects such as prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease by early initiation of hormone therapy to alleviate menopausal symptoms. MHT should be considered for all women in healthy (without other important diseases) menopausal years, expecting to improve their quality of life through symptom relief in menopausal women and, in the long term, to prevent cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. When applying hormone therapy to individuals, it is necessary to establish various treatment strategies according to the menopausal symptoms of individual patients (individualization of treatment) and judge the suitability of clinical application.

Assessment of a long-acting Reversible Contraceptive Insertion Training Program OMIT: A Questionnaire Survey

Introduction: Before launching an etonogestrel subcutaneous implant on the Australian market, a training programme for health care providers (HCPs) was designed, and endorsed by both the Royal Australian New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Family Planning Australia. Methodology: 10,000 HCPs were trained between 2001 and 2003, and these were sent a questionnaire in November 2010. Within the first decade after its launch 633,000 implants were inserted. Results: Twenty-five percent of the questionnaires were returned and collated. Eightyfour percent of respondents were inserting subcutaneous implants, nearly 4% more than ten a month. One hundred and thirteen were not confident in the insertion technique- the “training failures”, yet most of these said that the training gave them the “skills to insert” and “confidence to insert”. As a group these HCPs were older, and there seemed to be a significant interval between undertaking training and starting to insert implants. Conclusions: To minimise “training failures” MSD now offers representatives to attend at surgeries with a placebo arm and implants to enable a “refresher” training if the HCP requests. Funding: The cost of printing and posting of the questionnaires, as well as collating the responses were funded by MSD.

Assessment of a long - acting Reversible Contraceptive Insertion Training Program OMIT: A Questionnaire Survey.

Introduction: Before launching an etonogestrel subcutaneous implant on the Australian market, a training programme for health care providers (HCPs) was designed, and endorsed by both the Royal Australian New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Family Planning Australia. Methodology: 10,000 HCPs were trained between 2001 and 2003, and these were sent a questionnaire in November 2010. Within the first decade after its launch 633,000 implants were inserted. Results: Twenty-five percent of the questionnaires were returned and collated. Eightyfour percent of respondents were inserting subcutaneous implants, nearly 4% more than ten a month. One hundred and thirteen were not confident in the insertion technique- the “training failures”, yet most of these said that the training gave them the “skills to insert” and “confidence to insert”. As a group these HCPs were older, and there seemed to be a significant interval between undertaking training and starting to insert implants. Conclusions: To minimise “training failures” MSD now offers representatives to attend at surgeries with a placebo arm and implants to enable a “refresher” training if the HCP requests. Funding: The cost of printing and posting of the questionnaires, as well as collating the responses were funded by MSD.

Estudo do índice de proliferação celular e dos receptores de estrogênio e progesterona em mulheres com câncer de mama, durante as fases foliculares e lútea do ciclo menstrual / Study of cell proliferation and estrogen receptor and progesterone in women with breast cancer, during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle

A relação entre a atividade hormonal e o câncer de mama foi pela primeira vez sugerida há mais de um século. Desde então, vários estudos continuaram a evidenciar aspectos dessa relação de hormônio-dependência do câncer de mama. Com ênfase no prognóstico, muitos se propuseram e demonstraram uma variação do mesmo, conforme a associação da data cirúrgica com as fases do ciclo menstrual. Objetivando demonstrar uma alteração no comportamento biológico das células tumorais durante o ciclo menstrual, foram analisados o índice de proliferação celular e os receptores de estrogênio e progesterona durante as fases folicular e lútea em 69 pacientes pré-menopausadas com câncer primário de mama. Ao se comparar o índice de proliferação celular entre as fases folicular e lútea, obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: na análise qualitativa p=0,976 e análise quantitativa através do teste t de student, p=0,350. Entretanto, obteve-se uma correlação significante da concentração dos receptores de progesterona com o índice de proliferação celular. A concentração de progesterona variou significativamente da fase folicular para a lútea; e nesta última foram maiores a positividade dos receptores de estrogênio e progesterona. Para a progesterona obtiveram-se na fase folicular 21 (65,6%) casos e na fase lútea 32 (86,5%) casos com um p=0,04 e em relação ao estrogênio, na fase folicular 20 (62,5%) casos e na fase lútea 32(86,5%) casos com um p=0,021. Conclui-se, portanto, que existe um mecanismo regulatório hormonal nas células tumorais, que a positividade dos receptores hormonais estudados colabora para uma maior acurácia no prognóstico e que a invariabilidade do índice de proliferação celular indica uma refratariedade da divisão celular ao estímulo hormonal endógeno ou uma ação menos potente e sinérgica da progesterona com o estrogênio...

Using nogestomet ear devices fixed-time insemination artificial in cattle double purpose, permanent nursing calf / Uso de dispositivos auriculares de nogestomet en inseminación artificial atiempo fijo en bovinos doble propósito, con amamantamiento permanente / Uso de dispositivos auriculares de nogestomet em inseminação artificial atempo fixo em bovinos duplo propósito, com amamentação permanente

To evaluate the effectiveness of progesterone ear devices new and second use, rates were determinedestrus and pregnancy rates in cycling and anestrous animals by breastfeeding. We used 69 dual-purposecows (Bos taurus by Bos indicus) with calf at foot and 60 to 80 days postpartum, a livestock farm, located inthe municipality of Cimitarra, Santander. The animals were implanted for 9 days with 3 mg of norgestomet(Crestar ® MSD), and were divided randomly into two groups, Group 1 (n=35) cows with new devices,Group 2 (n=34) cows with implants headset reused, and artificial insemination was performed at fixed timeat 56 hours after removal of the devices. The data obtained were tested in a simple ANOVA (ANOVA) with areliability of 95%. For the variable estrus no differences (p>0.05) between group 1 and 2 (66.4% and 53.4%),respectively. The variables pregnancy and ovarian structures (Dominant follicles and corpus luteum), uponsynchronization, yielded significant differences (p<0.05) between groups 1 devices new group (53.9,%) vs group2 devices reused (38,3%), ovarian structures and between group 1 devices new (56,6%) vs. group 2 devicesreused (33.2%) respectively, with ovaries without structures. We conclude that progesterone ear devices new andreused, generate similar rates of estrus. Also, pregnancy rates are higher in cows cycling versus anestrus cows.

Para evaluar la eficacia de los dispositivos auriculares de progesterona nuevos y de segundo uso, se determinaron las tasas de presentación de estros y porcentaje de preñez en animales ciclando y en anestro por amamantamiento. Se usaron 69 vacas doble propósito (Bos taurus por Bos indicus) con cría al pie y con 60 a 80 días postparto, de una explotación ganadera, ubicada en el municipio de Cimitarra, Santander. Losanimales fueron implantados durante 9 días, con 3 mg de Norgestomet ( Crestar ® MSD), y se dividieron en dosgrupos al azar, Grupo 1 (n= 35) vacas con dispositivos nuevos; Grupo 2 (n= 34) vacas con implantes auricularesreutilizados, y se realizó la inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo a las 56 horas posteriores al retiro de losdispositivos. Los datos obtenidos, fueron sometidos a prueba de Análisis de Varianza simple (ANOVA) con unaconfiabilidad del 95%. Para la variable presentación de estros no se encontraron diferencias (p>0,05), entre el grupo 1 y 2(66,4% y 53,4%), respectivamente. Las variables preñez y estructuras ováricas (Cuerpos Lúteos y folículosDominantes), al momento de la sincronización, arrojaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre los grupos grupo 1 dispositivo nuevos (53.9%) vs grupo 2 dispositivo usados (38,3%), con estructuras ovaricas y entre el grupo 1 dispositivo nuevo (56,6%) vs Grupo 2 dispositivo usados (33,2%) respectivamente, con ovarios sin estructuras.Se concluye que los dispositivos auriculares de progesterona nuevos y de segundo uso, generan similares tasas de presentación de estros. Así mismo, los porcentajes de preñez son mayores en vacas ciclando frente a vacas en anestro.

Para avaliar a eficácia dos dispositivos auriculares de progesterona novos e de segundo uso, foramdeterminadas as taxas de apresentação de estros e porcentagem de gravidez em animais ciclando e em anestropor amamentação. Foram usadas 69 vacas duplo propósito (Bos taurus por Bos indicus) com cria ao pé e com60 a 80 dias postparto, de uma exploração de gados, localizada no município de Cimitarra, Santander. Osanimais foram implantados durante 9 dias, com 3 mg de Norgestomet ( Crestar ® MSD), e se dividiram emdois grupos na sorte, Grupo 1 (n= 35) vacas com dispositivos novos; Grupo 2 (n= 34) vacas com implantesauriculares reutilizados, e foi realizada a inseminação artificial há um tempo fixo às 56 horas posteriores ao retirodos dispositivos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à prova de Análise de Variação simples (ANOVA) com umaconfiabilidade de 95%. Para a variável apresentação de estros não foram encontradas diferenças (p>0,05), entreo grupo 1 e 2 (66,4% e 53,4%), respectivamente. As variáveis gravidez e estruturas ováricas (Corpos Lúteos efolículos Dominantes), ao momento da sincronização, jogaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os gruposgrupo 1 dispositivo novos (53.9%) vs grupo 2 dispositivo usados (38,3%), com estruturas ovaricas e entre o grupo1 dispositivo novo (56,6%) vs Grupo 2 dispositivo usados (33,2%) respectivamente, com ovários sem estruturas.Conclui-se então que os dispositivos auriculares de progesterona novos e de segundo uso geram similares taxas deapresentação de estros. Assim, as porcentagens de gravidez são maiores em vacas ciclando frente a vacas em anestro.

Embryo transfer in angus and brahman recipient cows: effect of two methods of estrus synchronization on induced estrus and pregnancy

Over a 3-year period, 88 Angus and 87 Brahman cows were used as recipients to determine the effects of breedtype and method of estrous synchronization on induced estrus and subsequent pregnancy following embryo transfer. Estrus was synchronized in recipients using either prostaglandin-F2α (PGF; Lutalyse) or progestogen (PRO; Syncro-Mate-B). Recipients were treated (im) with PGF on day -11 (25 mg), 0 (12.5 mg), and 1 (12.5 mg). Recipients were treated with PRO on day -9 (6 mg norgestomet ear implant and 2 mL [im] of 3 mg of norgestomet and 5 mg of estradiol valerate) and the ear implant was removed on day 0. Embryos were randomly transferred to recipients synchronous +24 to -24 h with a 7-d embryo. Both synchronization methods (PGF vs. PRO) were similarly effective in inducing estrus (89.8 vs. 86.7 percent). Percentage of induced estrus was similar between Brahman (91.0 percent) and Angus (85.6 percent). Recipients treated with PGF had a longer (P = 0.001) interval to estrus than PRO treated recipients (77.4 vs. 60.1 h). Estrus response in Angus was earlier (P = 0.043) than in Brahman (65.4 vs. 72.2 h). Neither breed (P = 0.97; Angus 49 percent 35/72 and Brahman 54 percent 38/70) nor estrus synchronization treatment (P = 0.23; PRO 49 percent 35/72 and PGF 54 percent 38/70) affected pregnancy rate. Pregnancy rates in recipients closely synchronized (0 h) was 60.0 percent, within +12 and -12 h was 56.0 percent, and within +24 and -24 h was 51.5 percent. Four-year-old recipients had lower pregnancy rates (34.8 percent) than did 5-year-old (60.9 percent) or greater than 6-year-old (70.0 percent) recipients. These results indicate that PGF, when administered as a split-second dose, is as effective in synchronizing estrus in Angus and Brahman as PRO. Asynchrony of embryo age with recipient stage of cycle up to +24 or -24 h did not significantly affect pregnancy rates.

Durante tres años, vacas receptoras Angus (88) y Brahman (87) se utilizaron para determinar los efectos de raza y método de sincronización sobre las características del celo inducido y la preñez subsecuente a la transferencia embrionaria. El celo fue sincronizado en las receptoras utilizando PGF2α (Lutalyse®) o progesterona (PRO; Syncro-Mate-B). Un grupo de receptoras fue inyectado (im) con PGF los días 11 (25 mg), 0 (12,5 mg), y 1 (12,5 mg). Otro grupo fue tratado con PRO el dia -9 (implante auricular con 6 mg norgestomet e inyectadas (im) con 2 mL con 3 mg de norgestomet y 5 mg de valerato de estradiol), el implante fue removido el día 0. Los embriones fueron transferidos al azar a las receptoras en sincronía +24 a -24 h con embriones de 7-d de edad. Ambos métodos de sincronización (PGF vs. PRO) fueron similares en la inducción del celo (89,8 vs. 86,7 por ciento). El porcentaje de celos inducidos fue similar en Brahman (91,0 por ciento) y Angus (85,6 por ciento). Las receptoras tratadas con PGF presentaron un intervalo al celo más largo (P = 0,001) que aquellas tratadas con PRO (77,4 vs. 60,1 h). El intervalo al estro post-tratamiento fue más corto en la vacas Angus expresaron celo más temprano (P = 0,043) que las Brahman (65,4 vs. 72,2 h). La tasa de preñez no fue afectada por la raza (Angus 49 por ciento 35/72 y Brahman 54 por ciento 38/70; P = 0,97) ni por el tratamiento de sincronización (PRO 49 por ciento 35/72 y PGF 54 por ciento 38/70; P = 0,23). Las tasas de preñez en receptoras de sincronización cercana (0 h) fue del 60,0 por ciento, entre +12 y -12 h fue del 56,0 por ciento, y entre +24 y -24 h fue del 51,5 por ciento. Las receptoras de cuatro años de edad presentaron tasas de preñez menores (34,8 por ciento) que las de cinco (60,9 por ciento) o las de 6 o más años de edad (70,0 por ciento). Los resultados indican que cuando la segunda aplicación de PGF se administra dividida en dos dosis, es tan efectiva para sincronizar...

Clinicopathologic characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective To study the clinicopathologic characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and its value in the prediction of prognosis. Method In this study,500 cases of female breast cancers were examined immunohistochcmically for the TNBC. The clinicopathologic characteristics of the 243 TNBC cases were inspected. Results TNBC accounted for 17.6% (88/500) of the 500 breast cancers. The histological types of the TNBC included mainly infihrative ductal carcinoma, metaplastic carcinoma and medullar carcinoma. Among those, histological grade Ⅲ accounted for 72.7% (64/88) of all the TNBC and was more common than that in hormone receptor positive breast cancers (HR+ group ) and Her-2 overexpression breast cancers (Her-2 group)(P=0.000). The positive rates of CK5/6 and EGFR in the TNBC were 30.7% (27/88) and 34.1% (30/88), respectively. The positive rates of ERCC1 and KIT in the TNBC were 28.4% (25/88) and 34.1% (30/88), respectively, Both of which were higher than those in the HR + group and Her-2 group, respectively (P=0.032 and P=0.026). 3-year survival rate of the TNBC was 71.5% and it was lower than that of HR group (P=0.021) and not significantly different from that of Her-2 group (P=0.474). Conclusions TNBC is the breast cancer with high aggressive pathologic futures and poor prognosis. EGFR and ERCC1 expression were positive in a portion of TNBC cases.

Clinical Analysis and Mechanism Study of Conditioning of Postoperative Endometrial Carcinoma in Staging Ⅰ with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To investigate if the anticancer prescription Fuzhengyiaitang in combination with progestogen matching chems can have better clinical effects than progestogen alone.Methods Collecting 60 patients and grouped into two randomly.One group named the experimental group and the other is named the control.The experimental group is given Fuzhengyiaitang and progestogen and the control ine is given the progestogen alone.The clinical effects are investigated.Results The experimental group had better clinical effects than the other one and the results had statistical significance.The experimental group are stronger,had better immunal functions and less side effects.Conclusion Fuzhengyiaitang and progestogen match cbems Can have better clinical effects in treating the stage I's operation.

The effect of combined treatment of Mirena(R) and Provera(R) (MPA) for chronic pelvic pain due to endometriosis / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: The degree of pain relief and complications after treatment for chronic pelvic pain due to endometirosis were evaluated. METHODS: This study was performed in sixty three patients of endometriosis who have diagnosed by laparoscopy. They were divided in three groups by treatment regimen, Mirena(R) only group (Group A), Mirena(R) plus low-dose MPA group (Group B) and high-dose MPA only group (Group C). After six months, we evaluated the result of treatment by the degree of pain relief and complications of each treatment regimen. RESULTS: The degree of pain relief in Group B was significantly higher than in Group A (p<0.05), and significant difference was not found between Group B and Group C. The frequency of irregular bleeding in Group B was significantly lower than Group A (p<0.05), but not than Group C. The frequency of weight gain in Group B was significantly lower than Group C (p<0.01), but not than Group A. However the frequency of breast tenderness in Group B was significantly higher than Group A (p<0.01), but not than Group C. CONCLUSION: Mirena(R) plus low-dose MPA combined treatment is as effective as high-dose MPA treatment in pain relief with lower side-effects.

The use of 17 Estradiol gel and progestogen tablet for Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) in menopause.

The treatment and prevention of disease in menopausal women due to deficiency of estrogen hormone are done through the administration of estrogen hormone, known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The administration of HRT is commonly done through the administration of tablets. However, the administration of tablet will result in metabolism in the colon and liver. Tablets are usually used on a daily basis such that it may lead to boredom and results in gastrointestinal disorder. The administration of gel, on the other hand, is done by applying the gel to the body and therefore metabolism in the colon and liver can be prevented. In women with uterus, estrogen must be combined with progestogen. The type of progestogen recommended is the one with natural derivative and which possesses antimineralocorticoid properties, such that fluid retention can be avoided. One of the types of progestogen which does not result in fluid retention is nomogestrol acetate. Nomogestrol acetate will also inhibit 17β hydrosisteroiddehydrogency enzyme type 1, such that estradiol (E2) is prevented from being transformed into estron (E1). As a result, E2 level in the breast tissue is kept at minimum, thereby reducing the risk of breast cancer.

Experimental study on progestogen activity of triphasic contraceptive tablets / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the progestogen effect and activity of triphasic contraceptive tablets.Methods The progestogen activity of triphasic contraceptive tablets (kalirui and trinordiol) was evaluated through uterus weight increase test of female young mice and endometrium translation examination of female young rabbits. Radialized receptor analysis was used to determine the effect of the triphasic contraceptive tablets on progestogen receptor by the uterus histiocyte from the adult female rabbits whose ovaries had been taken away a week ago. Results Compared with the negative control, triphasic contraceptive tablets kalirui andtrinordiol in three phase groups not only enhanced uterus weight of female young mice, middle and high dose groups obviously accelerated the uterus weight increase ( P

Clinical significance of pS2 protein expression in breast cancer / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To explore the relationship between the expression of pS2 protein and the clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer and to evaluate the value of pS2 as a prognostic factor for breast carcinoma and a predictive factor for response to endocrine therapy. Methods Expression levels of pS2 protein, estrogen receptor (ER) and progestogen receptor (PR) in tissues from 75 cases of breast cancer were detected by immunohistochemical assay. The relationship of pS2 protein expression with patient age, menopausal status, tumor size, metastasis to the axillary lymph nodes, pathological types, ER and PR was analyzed. Results pS2 protein, expressed in 33.3% of breast carcinomas, was correlated with patient age and pathological types, but was not correlated with tumor size. The positive rate of pS2 protein before menopause was higher than that after menopause, but no significant difference was found. Similarly, higher positive rate of pS2 protein was found in patients with metastasis to axillary lymph nodes than those without, but no significant difference was found. pS2 expression was correlated with ER and PR, but they were not perfectly consistent. Conclusion In breast cancer, pS2 protein expression, associated with some clinical factors and pathological features, is a good prognostic factor. pS2 expression may be a reasonable index for endocrinotherapy of breast carcinoma, but the detection of pS2 protein can not be employed in place of the detection of ER and PR.

Transarterial infusion neoadjuvant chemotherapy up-regulates expressions of hormone receptors in local advanced breast cancer tissues / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the effect of transarterial infusion ( TAI) chemotherapy on estrogen receptor ( ER) and progesterone receptors ( PR) expression in breast carcinoma tissue. Methods Samples of 81 patients with breast carcinoma were selected in this study. ER and PR mRNAs levels in the samples were determined by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was employed to measure ER and PR expressions in different samples before and after TAI chemotherapy. Western blotting was used to assay ER and PR proteins level in the samples before and after the chemotherapy. Results RT-PCR results indicated that ER mRNA level was increased in 43 cases ( 53. 1% ) and PR level in 33 cases ( 40. 7% ) . Meanwhile,both ER and PR mRNAs levels were increased in 25 cases ( 30. 9% ) . Immunohistochemistry results showed that ER level was up-regulated in 35cases ( 43. 2% ) ,and PR level in 21 cases ( 26. 0% ) . Both ER level and PR level were up-regulated in 16 out of 81 cases( 19. 8% ) . Western blotting also suggested that the both proteins levels of ER and PR were up-regulated in some patients after the chemotherapy. Conclusion Transarterial infusion neoadjuvant chemotherapy affects the mRNA and protein level of the hormone receptors,which facilitates the subsequent killing effect of chemotherapy on tumor cells. ER and PR expressions should be determined after the transarterial infusion chemotherapy,which might provide a guide for the subsequent treatment and prognosis.

The Effect of Progestogen Add-back Therapy on Skeletal Status During GnRH Agonist Therapy for Endometriosis / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: GnRH agonist used in the medical treatment of endometriosis, induces accelerated bone loss, which leads to osteoporosis. This study was performed to investigate the possibilities of prevention of bone loss by progestogen add-back therapy in GnRH agonist treatment. METHODS: Thirty patients, who were diagnosed as endometriosis from Apr 1996 to Jun 2001, were divided into GnRH agonist treatment group and progestogen add-back therapy group. The changes of lumbar spine and femur BMD were checked from the onset of treatment to 6 months later, and the changes of bone markers (serum osteocalcin, urine deoxypyridinoline) from the onset of treatment, to 3 months later, to 6 months later, respectively. RESULTS: In GnRH agonist group, the BMDs were decreased by 5.56%, 3.85%, 6.10% and 5.19% in lumbar spine, femur neck, ward triangle, and femur trochanter respectively. All of these changes were significant compared with basal BMDs at each sites. Basal serum osteocalcin level of 5.34+/-2.37 ng/ml was significantly and continuously increased to 8.87+/-3.06 ng/ml and 11.87+/-3.15 ng/ml at 3rd and 6th month of treatment respectively. Urinary deoxypyridinoline level was increased from basal 7.07+/-2.48 ng/ml to 9.56+/-3.13 ng/ml at 3rd month and 9.87+/-2.18 ng/ml respectively. The significant change was noted from 3rd month of treatment with no change between 3rd and 6th month of treatment. In MPA add-back therapy group, the BMDs after treatment were significantly decreased by 5.39% and 4.30% only in lumbar spine and ward triangle of femur compared with pretreatment basal BMD levels. But there was no significant change at femur neck and trochanter. Serum osteocalcin level was significantly increased from basal 8.02+/-3.25 ng/ml to 11.05+/-4.02 ng/ml at 6th month of treatment, while there was no change at 3rd month of treatment. Meanwhile urinary deoxypyridinoline level was not changed during treatment. CONCLUSION: Although the decrease of BMD and the increase of bone turnover rate are induced during GnRH agonist therapy for endometriosis, progestogen add-back therapy could prevent these changes to some degree.

Effects of Extracts from the Seed of Litchi on the Expression of ER and PR in Rat Mammary Tissue and Apoptosis of Mammary Glandular Cell / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of extracts of the seed of Litchi (ESL) on the expression of estradiol receptor (ER) and progestogen receptor (PR) in mammary tissue and apoptosis of mammary glandular cells in rats with hyperplasia of mammary glands (HMG). METHODS: The HMG model was induced by intramuscularly injecting with 0.5 mg?kg-1 estradiol benzoate for 25 days, subsequently intramuscularly injecting with 4 mg?kg-1 progesterone for 5 days. 60 healthy nonfertile SD rats were divided into normal group, model group, rujieping group and high-dose, medium-dose and low-dose ESL groups, treating with distilled water, distilled water, 3.3 g?kg-1 Rujieping and 44, 22, 11 g?kg-1 ESL via i.g. gtt once a day for 30 days, respectively. Immunohistochemical method was applied to observe the expression of ER and PR in rat mammary tissue and apoptosis of mammary glandular cells. Uterus index was also calculated. RESULTS: High-dose and medium-dose of ESL can inhibit the expression of ER and PR of mammary gland in HMG rats and induce apoptosis of mammary glandular cells(P

Effects of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Expressions of ER,PR,C-erbB-2 and p53 in Breast Cancer Tissues / 中国药房

0.05). CONCLUSION: Only partial of the breast cancer tissues were seen of expression changes in ER, PR, C-erbB-2 and p53 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but on the whole, the neoadjuvant chemotherapy has no significant influence on the expressions of ER, PR, C-erbB-2 and P53.

Detection of Estrogen Receptor in Breast Cancer by Flow Cytometry / 中国医师杂志

Objective To detect estrogen receptor and DNA index in breast cancer by flow cytometry. Methods 32 cases of fresh specimens of breast cancer resected by operation were used in this study. Single cells suspension was prepared from those specimens, and estrogen receptor expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. At the same time, the status of ploid and S phase cell ratio were determined. Results Flow cytometry analysis could measure the expression level of estrogen receptor in the fresh breast cancer specimens, which was more sensitive and needed less volume of tumor tissue compared with immuohistochemical method. The information on the status of ploid and S phase cell ratio were simultaneously obtained. Conclusion The detection of estrogen receptor in breast cancers by flow cytometry was more helpful for evaluating prognosis and selecting treatment.

The effect of progestogens on the tone of human vascular smooth muscles / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate whether 1) progestogens induce changes of vascular tone in endothelium-denuded smooth muscles of human uterine artery, 2) endothelium-independent vascular reactivity is mediated by intracelluar calcium ion modulation through 2 types of calcium channel, both voltage- and receptor-dependent and 3) 3 kinds of progestogen such as a progesterone, C19 nortestosterone(norethindrone acetate ; NETA) and C21 progestogen(medroxyprogesterone acetate ; MPA), have a different vasoreactivity. METHODS: The uterine arteries were obtained at the time of hysterectomy from 24 women who had no cardiovascular disease risk factors and the endothelium was denuded. Vascular reactivity was monitored by using isometric force transducer and recorded by physiograph. Endothelial integrity was assessed by adding 10micrometer acetylcholine(endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant) to the specimens, which were pretreated with 1micrometer norepinephrine(alpha-adrenergic stimulant). The integrity of smooth muscle was assessed by adding 10micrometer sodium nitroprusside(endotelium -independent vasorelaxant) and 10micrometer tamsulosin(alpha-adrenergic blocker) to the specimens, pretreated with 1micrometer norepinephrine. The uterine smooth muscles were pretreated with 35mM and 70mM potassium chloride and 10-7M and 10-6M norepinephrine. Three kinds of progestogen - progesterone, NETA and MPA - each at 5 different concentrations(10-9g/ml, 10-8g/ml, 10-7g/ml, 10-6g/ml and 10-5g/ml) were used. RESULTS: The loss of endothelial function and adequacy of smooth muscle function were confirmed. Three kinds of progestogen had concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on vascular smooth muscle contr action induced by high potassium solution and norepinephrine, respcetively. There were no siginificant differences noted among the inhibitory effects of three progestogens in 35mM concentration of potassium solution and 10-6M norepinephrine induced muscular contraction. In 70mM potassium solution, there were significant differences among the three progestogens-induced inhibitory effects. Progesterone showed the most potent inhibitory effect, NETA was intermediate, and MPA had the mildest effect. In 10-7M norepinephrine, progesterone had more potent inhibitory effect than NETA or MPA. The difference between progesterone and NETA/MPA was statistically siginificant, with no significance between NETA and MPA. CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed that progestogens have a concentration-dependent vaso-relaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vasular smooth muscles via a calcium antagonistic mechanism of direct inhibitory effects on receptor- and voltage-dependent calcium ion channels. This vaso-relaxant effect of progestogens differed among a variety of progestogens. In conclusion, the progestogens combined with estrogens have not antagonistic effect on vaso-relaxation at least and maybe have synergistic effect with estrogens, in vivo.

A Study on Expressions of ER and PR in Thyroid Tumors Tissue / 中国医师杂志

Objecitve To observe the relationship between the expressions of the estrogen receptor (ER),progestogen receptor (PR) and tumor infiltration and metastasis in thyroid cancer.Methods By using immunohistochemical method to study the relationship between the expressions of ER and PR in 100 cases of thyroid carcinamas and 28 cases of benign thyroid lesions.Results The positive rates of ER and RP expression were 67 0% and 62 0% respectively in thyroid carcinomas,it had correlation with well differentiation and type of histology but positive expression did not relate to age and sex.The positive rates of ER and PR in the non-metastasized group were 75 4% and 70 5% respectively;significantly higher than that of the metastasized group which were 53 8% and 48 7% respectively (P